Chinese Idiom: 约法三章 (Yue Fa San Zhang)
English Translation: Agreeing on three laws
pīn yīn: yuē fǎ sān zhāng
Idiom Meaning: This idiom refers to setting forth a few rules or regulations that everyone must follow. “约” (yuē) means to agree or to stipulate; “法” (fǎ) means law; “三章” (sān zhāng) translates to three articles or clauses.
Historical Source: “Records of the Grand Historian” (《史记 ·高祖本纪》)
Idiom Story:
In 207 BC, during the tumultuous period of the Chu-Han Contention, the Qin general Zhang Han led a massive army of 200,000 troops to battle Xiang Yu at Julu. Taking advantage of the weakened southern front of the Qin army, Liu Bang advanced rapidly towards the Qin capital, Xianyang. With the Qin Prince Ying unable to defend the city, he surrendered, and Liu Bang entered Xianyang.
Upon entering the magnificent city, Liu Bang was captivated by its opulence and desired to enjoy the luxurious palaces. However, his military general, Fan Kuan, questioned him, “Do you wish to conquer the world or merely enjoy the wealth? If you want to win the world, you should leave the city and retreat to Bashang, a town nearby.”
Similarly, Liu Bang’s strategist, Zhang Liang, warned him, “The downfall of the Qin dynasty stemmed from their pursuit of pleasure, which led to widespread dissatisfaction among the people and rebellion from the vassal states. You have just taken Xianyang; if you indulge now, you risk repeating the mistakes that caused Qin’s demise.”
Realizing the gravity of the situation, Liu Bang immediately ordered the palace and treasury to be closed and withdrew his troops to Bashang. To stabilize public sentiment and gain the people’s support, he summoned the local elders and respected figures, stating, “Let us agree on three laws that we will all abide by:
- Anyone who commits murder will be sentenced to death.
- Anyone who causes injury will be punished.
- Anyone who commits robbery will be penalized.”
Liu Bang then sent out messengers to spread his “Three Laws,” which were well received by the populace, earning him widespread support as the King of Guan.
This story illustrates the concept of “约法三章,” emphasizing the importance of establishing clear and fair regulations to gain the trust and support of the people during times of change.
