Chinese Idiom: 短小精悍 (Duan Xiao Jing Han)
English Translation: Short and Vigorous
pīn yīn: duǎn xiǎo jīng hàn
Idiom Meaning: This idiom describes a person who is short in stature but sharp-witted and capable; it is often used to refer to writing, speeches, or expressions that are brief yet powerful.
Historical Source: From Records of the Grand Historian (《史记·游侠列传》) by Sima Qian.
Idiom Story:
In the Biographies of the Knights Errant (游侠列传), Sima Qian mainly writes about two individuals: Zhu Jia and Guo Jie. The term “knights errant” refers to those who are trustworthy, who help others in times of distress, and who offer assistance to those in need. At the beginning of this biography, Sima Qian notes:
“The knights errant today, though their actions may not conform to the principles of justice, are indeed trustworthy in their words and resolute in their actions. They fulfill their promises sincerely, not caring for their own safety, but rather risking their lives to aid others. Even when they have rescued someone from the brink of death, they do not boast of their abilities or take pride in their virtues, and they deserve to be praised.”
This passage emphasizes the nobility of the knights errant, who value loyalty and sacrifice for their friends. However, it also acknowledges that some knights can be ruthless, killing over trivial grievances. Zhu Jia is portrayed as an outstanding knight with only positive traits, while Guo Jie, despite his transformation, has a more complex character.
The text continues to describe Guo Jie:
“Guo Jie was short in stature but vigorous and did not drink alcohol. In his youth, he was somewhat ruthless; he would kill at the slightest displeasure and would risk his life to avenge friends. He also engaged in illegal activities, such as hiding fugitives, digging up graves to steal burial goods, and secretly minting money.”
Over time, the phrase “短小精悍” has come to symbolize those who are short yet strong and effective, capturing the essence of being powerful despite a diminutive stature.
