Chinese Idiom: 艰难险阻 (Jian Nan Xian Zu)
English Translation: Difficulties and dangers
pīn yīn: jiān nán xiǎn zǔ
Idiom Meaning: This phrase describes a challenging and perilous path forward, filled with difficulties, dangers, and obstacles.
Historical Source: From Zuo Zhuan: Annals of Duke Xi, Year 28.
Idiom Story:
The idiom originates from the historical events surrounding Duke Wen of Jin (also known as 重耳, or Chong’er), who faced significant hardships in his rise to power. After being persecuted by his stepmother, he spent nineteen years in exile. With the help of Qin Mu Gong, he eventually returned to Jin and became its ruler.
Under Duke Wen’s leadership, the state of Jin grew stronger and began to assert its dominance over the central plains, challenging the power of the state of Chu. In 632 BC, Duke Wen launched a military campaign against the smaller states of Cao and Wei, both allies of Chu.
The King of Chu, concerned about the rising power of Jin, sent a general named Ziyu to assist Cao and Wei. The king wrote to Ziyu, expressing his worries about Duke Wen, stating: “The Duke of Jin has been in exile for nineteen years and has finally returned to power. He has experienced all the dangers and difficulties of life outside and knows the feelings and sentiments of the people very well. We must be cautious in battle; otherwise, we may suffer losses.”
However, Ziyu disregarded these warnings. He confidently insisted on engaging in battle, stating, “I cannot guarantee victory, but I must prove my capability with actions.” His overconfidence ultimately led to a disastrous defeat against the Jin army.
From this story, the phrase “艰难险阻” emerged, highlighting the concept of encountering numerous hardships and dangers on the path to success. It serves as a reminder of the challenges that can arise in any endeavor, emphasizing the need for caution and awareness in the face of difficulties.
